A look at some of the enduring elements of gender-based violence that continue after peace is officially declared. View this email in your browser<http://us12.campaign-archive2.com/?u=9ec49506dfffc6ed23309ced4&id=fad03f0da7&e=e88e81a28e> [https://gallery.mailchimp.com/9ec49506dfffc6ed23309ced4/images/ea5a5a3f-1d79-4a91-839d-a51a228f5a5b.png] Trigger warning: violence against women, sexual violence, political conflict, human enslavement, gender-based discrimination. Violence Against Women in Post-Conflict In many large-scale armed conflicts, sexual violence is often used as a tactic of war. Historically and currently, sexual violence has been employed by the state as an institutional tactic to subjugate certain groups of people. Professor Tanaka from the Hiroshima Peace Institute writes that “the conquest of another race and colonization of its people often produce the de-masculinization and feminization of the colonized, and sexual abuse of the bodies of women belonging to the conquered nation symbolizes the dominance of the conquerors.”[1] Comfort Women are an example of state-sanctioned sexualized violence against women during war. Detailed testimonies of victimized women.<http://dartmouth.us12.list-manage.com/track/click?u=9ec49506dfffc6ed23309ced4&id=fa5524d30b&e=e88e81a28e> “Comfort women” is the term used for sexual slaves who were deceived, abducted, and forced into slavery by the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second World War. These women were from Japanese occupied territories during the war such as Korea, China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, Netherlands, Saipan, etc. There were approximately 139,000 comfort women, 80 percent of whom were aged between 14 and 18.[2] The women were raped by as many as 30 soldiers a day.[3] The survivors who returned home after the war suffer from life-long physical and emotional trauma. A video about an Australian comfort woman.<http://dartmouth.us12.list-manage.com/track/click?u=9ec49506dfffc6ed23309ced4&id=1de012bd42&e=e88e81a28e> In May 2013, the UN Committee Against Torture urged Japan to “take immediate and effective legislative and administrative measures to find a ‘victim-centered’ resolution for the issues of ‘comfort women.’”[4] CNN footage on Korean survivors.<http://dartmouth.us12.list-manage2.com/track/click?u=9ec49506dfffc6ed23309ced4&id=c4be158f27&e=e88e81a28e> On March 4, 2016, Amnesty International submitted a report to the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), emphasizing that “acknowledging these crimes under international law, and factually recording them in histories… is an important step to ensure non-repetition and end impunity for crimes of sexual violence committed during armed conflicts.”[5] About “comfort women” from the Philippines.<http://dartmouth.us12.list-manage.com/track/click?u=9ec49506dfffc6ed23309ced4&id=71716bdb16&e=e88e81a28e> If you would like to continue the conversation, please contact Shiella Cervantes<mailto:[log in to unmask]>, Assistant Dean and Advisor to Pan-Asian Students, and Michelle Hector Kermond<mailto:[log in to unmask]>, Assistant Dean and Advisor for Sexuality, Women, and Gender. [https://gallery.mailchimp.com/9ec49506dfffc6ed23309ced4/images/b63aa2eb-33bd-49b9-b52d-b1b7714bbf79.jpg] Four Korean comfort women, one pregnant, pose with a Chinese soldier who apparently helped free them from the Japanese in 1944. (Pvt. Hatfield/U.S. Army/National Archives) References ________________________________ [1] CAT/C/JPN/CO/2, UN Committee against Torture, Concluding observations on the second periodic report of Japan, adopted by the Committee at its fiftieth session (6-31 May 2013), para 19. [2] “Japan—Submission to the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women.” [3] Ibid., 17- 19. [4] Toshiyuki Tanaka, Japan's comfort women: Sexual slavery and prostitution during World War II and the US occupation (New York: Routledge, 2002), 5. [5] George Hicks, The Comfort Women: Japan's brutal regime of enforced prostitution in the Second World War (New York: WW Norton & Company, 1997), 17-19. 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